Zhuge Liang Art of War Chapter 1
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Zhuge Liang Art of War Chapter 1
Military Control, 兵权
Original: 夫兵权者，是三军之司命，主将之威势。将能执兵之权，操兵之势而临群下，譬如猛虎，加之羽翼而翱翔四海，随所遇而施之。若将失权，不操其势，亦如鱼龙脱于江湖，欲求游洋之势，奔涛戏浪，何可得也。
English: Military control is the rights of the general, and it is the key that will ...
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Five Types of People to Stay Away From, 逐恶
Original: 夫军国之弊，有五害焉：一曰结党相连，毁谮贤良；二曰侈其衣服，异其冠带；三曰虚夸妖术，诡言神道；四曰专察是非，私以动众；五曰伺候得失，阴结敌人。此所谓奸伪悖德之人，可远而不可亲也。
English: In governing the state or army, there are five types of people that you need to avoid and ...
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How to Find Out a Person's Character, 知人性
Original: 夫知人之性，莫难察焉。美恶既殊，情貌不一，有温良而为诈者，有外恭而内欺者，有外勇而内怯者，有尽力而不忠者。然知人之道有七焉：一曰间之以是非而观其志，二曰穷之以辞辩而观其变，三曰咨之以计谋而观其识，四曰告之以祸难而观其勇，五曰醉之以酒而观其性，六曰临之以利而观其廉，七曰期之以事而观其信。
English: To know someone well is very difficult. This is because the ...
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Characteristics of Talented Generals, 将材
Original: 夫将材有九：道之以德，齐之以礼，而知其饥寒，察其劳苦，此之谓仁将；事无苟免，不为利挠，有死之荣，无生之辱，此之谓义将；贵而不骄，胜而不恃，贤而能下，刚而能忍，此之谓礼将；奇变莫测，动应多端，转祸为福，临危制胜，此之谓智将；进有厚，退有严刑，赏不逾时，刑不择贵，此之谓信将；足轻戎马，气盖千夫，善固疆埸，长于剑戟，此之谓步将；登高履险，驰射如飞，进则先行，退则后殿，此之谓骑将；气凌三军，志轻强虏，怯于小战，勇于大敌，此之谓猛将；见贤若不及，从谏如顺流，宽而能刚，勇而多计，此之谓大将。
English: There are nine types of talented generals:...
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Capability of Generals, 将器
Original: 将之器，其用大小不同。若乃察其奸，伺其祸，为众所服，此十夫之将；夙兴夜寐，言词密察，此百夫之将；直而有虑，勇而能斗，此千夫之将；外貌桓桓，中情烈烈，知人勤劳，悉人饥寒，此万夫之将；进贤进能，日慎一日，诚信宽大，闲于理乱，此十万人之将；仁爱洽于下，信义服邻国，上知天文，中察人事，下识地理，四海之内视如家室，此天下之将。
English: Generals differ in their character and temperament, and their...
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Undesired Characteristics of Generals, 将弊
Original:夫为将之道，有八弊焉，一曰贪而无厌，二曰妒贤嫉能，三曰信谗好佞，四曰料彼不自料，五曰犹豫不自决，六曰荒淫于酒色，七曰奸诈而自怯，八曰狡言而不以礼。
English: There are eight undesired characteristics of a general and they...
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Aspirations of Generals, 将志
Original: 兵者凶器，将者危任，是以器刚则缺，任重则危。故善将者，不恃强，不怙势，宠之而不喜，辱之而不惧，见利不贪，见美不淫，以身殉国，壹意而已。
English: To the nation, the army is like a weapon, thus the general that...
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Knowledge General Must Acquire, 将善
Original: 将有五善四欲。五善者，所谓善知敌之形势，善知进退之道，善知国之虚实，善知天时人事，善知山川险阻。四欲者，所谓战欲奇，谋欲密，众欲静，心欲一。
English: A general should have five 'good's and four aims: He should be good at...
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General's Resoluteness, 将刚
Original: 善将者，其刚不可折，其柔不可卷，故以弱制强，以柔制刚。纯柔纯弱，其势必削；纯刚纯强，其势必亡；不柔不刚，合道之常。
English: A general that is well-versed in warfare should be...
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General's Haughtiness & Generosity, 将骄吝
Original: 将不可骄，骄则失礼，失礼则人离，人离则众判。将不可吝，吝则赏不行，赏不行则士不致命，士不致命则军无功，无功则国虚，国虚则寇实矣。孔子曰：“如有周公之才之美，使骄且吝，其余不足观也已。”
English: As the commanding general, one should not be haughty. If he is haughty, there will...
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General's Values, 将强
Original: 将有五强八恶。高节可以厉俗，孝弟可以扬名，信义可以交友，沈虑可以容众，力行可以建功，此将之五强也。谋不能料是非，礼不能任贤良，政不能正刑法，富不能济穷厄，智不能备未形，虑不能防微密，达不能举所知，败不能无怨谤，此谓之八恶也。
English: Good generals should have five good behavior and avoid eight bad behavior. The...
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Before Setting Out for War, 出师
Original: 古者国有危难，君简贤能而任之，齐三日，入太庙，南面而立，将北面，太师进钺于君。君持钺柄以授将，曰：“从此至军，将军其裁之。”复命曰：“见其虚则进，见其实则退。勿以身贵而贱人，勿以独见而违众，勿恃功能而失忠信。士未坐勿坐，士未食勿食，同寒署，等劳逸，齐甘苦，均危患，如此则士必尽死，敌必可亡。”将受词，凿凶门，引军而出，君送之，跪而推毂，曰：“进退惟时，军中事不由君命，皆由将出。”若此，则无天于上，无地于下，无敌于前，无主于后。是以智者为之虑，勇者为之斗，故能战胜于外，功成于内，扬名于后世，福流于子孙矣。
English: Since ancient times, when the country is...
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Grouping of Soldiers, 择材
Original: 夫师之行也，有好斗乐战，独取强敌者，聚为一徒，名曰报国之士；有气盖三军，材力勇捷者，聚为一徒，名曰突陈之士；有轻足善步，走如奔马者，聚为一徒，名曰搴旗之士；有骑射如飞，发无不中者，聚为一徒，名曰争锋之士；有射必中，中必死者，聚为一徒，名曰飞驰之士；有善发强弩，远而和中者，聚为一徒，名曰摧锋之士。此六军之善士，各因其能而用之也。
English: The grouping of soldiers should go like this: Those who are...
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Three Basic Factors of Success, 智用
Original: 夫为将之道，必顺天、因时、依人以立胜也。故天作时不作而人作，是谓逆时；时作天不作而人作，是谓逆天；天作时作而人不作，是谓逆人。智者不逆天，亦不逆时，亦不逆人也。
English: As a general, he should gain the proper mandate, seize the...
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Winning Without Using Troops, 不陈
Original: 古之善理者不师，善师者不陈，善陈者不战，善战者不败，善败者不亡。昔者，圣人之治理也，安其居，乐其业，至老不相攻伐，可谓善理者不师也。若舜修典刑，咎繇作士师，人不干令，刑无可施，可谓善师者不陈。若禹伐有苗，舜舞干羽而苗民格，可谓善陈者不战。若齐桓南服强楚，北服山戎，可谓善战者不败。若楚昭遭祸，奔秦求救，卒能返国，可谓善败者不亡矣。
English: Since ancient times, a ruler that is well-versed with governance is able to...
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Using Troops, 将诫
Original: 书曰：“狎侮君子，罔以尽人心；狎侮小人，罔以尽人力。”固行兵之要，务揽英雄之心，严赏罚之科，总文武之道，操刚柔之术，说礼乐而敦诗书，先仁义而后智勇；静如潜鱼，动若奔獭，丧其所连，折其所强，耀以旌旗，戒以金鼓，退若山移，进如风雨，击崩若摧，合战如虎；迫而容之，利而诱之，乱而取之，卑而骄之，亲而离之，强而弱之；有危者安之，有惧者悦之，有叛者怀之，有冤者申之，有强者抑之，有弱者扶之，有谋者亲之，有谗者覆之，获财者与之；不倍兵以攻弱，不恃众以轻敌，不傲才以骄之，不以宠而作威；先计而后动，知胜而始战；得其财帛不自宝，得其子女不自使。将能如此，严号申令而人愿斗，则兵合刃接而人乐死矣。
English: In the Classic of History, there is verse that says:"If you insult a...
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National Defense, 戒备
Original: 夫国之大务，莫先于戒备。若夫失之毫厘，则差若千里，覆军杀将，势不逾息，可不惧哉！故有患难，君臣旰食而谋之，择贤而任之。若乃居安而不思危，寇至不知惧，此谓燕巢于幕，鱼游于鼎，亡不俟夕矣。传曰：“不备不虞，不可以师。”又曰：“预备无虞，古之善政。”又曰：“蜂虿尚有毒，而况国乎？”无备，虽众不可恃也。故曰：有备无患。故三军之行，不可无备也。
English: National defense should be the...
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Importance of Training, 习练
Original: 夫军无习练，百不当一；习而用之，一可当百。故仲尼曰：“不教而战，是谓弃之。”又曰：“善人教民七年，亦可以即戎矣。”然则即戎之不可不教，教之以礼义，诲之以忠信，诫之以典刑，威之以赏罚，故人知劝，然后习之，或陈而分之，坐而起之，行而止之，走而却之，别而合之，散而聚之。一人可教十人，十人可教百人，百人可教千人，千人可教万人，可教三军，然后教练而敌可胜矣。
English: If the troops are not given proper...
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Pitfalls to Avoid When Using Troops, 军蠹
Original: 夫三军之行，有探候不审，烽火失度；后期犯令，不应时机，阻乱师徒；乍前乍后，不合金鼓；上不恤下，削敛无度；营私徇己，不恤饥寒；非言妖辞，妄陈祸福；无事喧杂，惊惑将吏；勇不受制，专而陵上；侵竭府库，擅给其财。此九者，三军之蠹，有之必败也。
English: In the movement and deployment of troops there are...
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General's Team, 腹心
Original: 夫为将者，必有腹心、耳目、爪牙。无腹心者，如人夜行，无所措手足；无耳目者，如冥然而居，不知运动；无爪牙者，如饥人食毒物，无不死矣。故善将者，必有博闻多智者为腹心，沉审谨密者为耳目，勇悍善敌者为爪牙。
English: As a general, he should have a group of...
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Army's Discipline, 谨候
Original: 夫败军丧师，未有不因轻敌而致祸者，故师出以律，失律则凶。律有十五焉：一曰虑，间谍明也；二曰诘，谇候谨也；三曰勇，敌众不挠也；四曰廉，见利思义也；五曰平，赏罚均也；六曰忍，善含耻也；七曰宽，能容众也；八曰信，重然诺也；九曰敬，礼贤能也；十曰明，不纳谗也；十一曰谨，不违礼也；十二曰仁，善养士卒也；十三曰忠，以身徇国也；十四曰分，知止足也；十五曰谋，自料知他也。
English: Most of the losses in battles are a result of...
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Timing & Opportunity, 机形
Original: 夫以愚克智，逆也；以智克愚，顺也；以智克智，机也。其道有三：一曰事，二曰势，三曰情。事机作而不能应，非智也；势机动而不能制，非贤也；情机发而不能行，非勇也。善将者，必因机而立胜。
English: If a foolish man is able to win a clever man, it is against the...
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Importance of Good Communication, 重刑
Original: 吴起曰：鼓鼙金铎，所以威耳；旌帜，所以威目；禁令刑罚，所以威心。耳威以声，不可不清；目威以容，不可不明；心威以刑，不可不严。三者不立，士可怠也。故曰：将之所麾，莫不心移；将之所指，莫不前死矣。
English: Wu Qi said:"Now the different drums, gongs and bells are the means to...
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How Good Generals Manage Troops, 善将
Original: 古之善将者有四：示之以进退，故人知禁；诱之以仁义，故人知礼；重之以是非，故人知劝；决之以赏罚，故人知信。禁、礼、劝、信，师之大经也。未有纲直而目不舒也，故能战必胜，攻必取。庸将不然，退则不能止，进则不能禁，故与军同亡。无劝戒则赏罚失度，人不知信，而贤良退伏，谄顽登用，是以战必败散也。
English:Since ancient time, generals that are well-versed in war follows four principles. The first principle is...
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Importance of Popular Support, 审因
Original: 夫因人之势以伐恶，则黄帝不能与争威矣；因人之力以决胜，则汤、武不能与争功矣。若能审因而加之威胜，则万夫之雄将可图，四海之英豪受制矣。
English: If one gains popular support when going into war, even Emperor Huang might...
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